Understanding Fabric Specifications
A technical guide to fabric specs — weight, width, composition, thread count, and what they mean for performance.
Key specs: GSM (grams per square meter) determines weight and thickness, fabric width determines yield, composition (fiber blend) determines performance characteristics, and thread count/denier affects durability and hand feel.
The challenge
Spec sheets list numbers without context, leaving buyers unsure which specifications actually matter for their application.
The solution
Translate each specification into real-world performance: GSM for warmth and durability, composition for care and feel, denier for strength, weave for breathability vs. protection.
Audience: Product developers, sourcing professionals, and technical buyers who want to make data-driven fabric decisions.
Steps
- 1
Check GSM (grams per square meter) — lighter fabrics (80-150 gsm) for base layers and sportswear, mid-weight (150-250 gsm) for outwear, heavy (250-400+ gsm) for workwear
- 2
Check fabric width — standard widths are 57/58" (145/150 cm); wider widths reduce waste but may limit options
- 3
Check fiber composition — 100% polyester, nylon/cotton blends, recycled content percentages
- 4
Check thread count (woven) or gauge (knit) — higher count = smoother, denser fabric
- 5
Check denier (D) — lower denier (20-70D) for lightweight, higher (100-500D+) for durability
- 6
Review finishing specifications — coating type, lamination, treatment chemicals used
FAQ
What does GSM mean in fabric? ▼
GSM stands for grams per square meter and measures fabric weight. Lower GSM (80-120) is lightweight and breathable. Higher GSM (200+) is heavier and more durable. GSM affects drape, opacity, and warmth.
What fiber blend is best for activewear? ▼
Polyester-spandex blends (85-92% polyester, 8-15% spandex) offer the best balance of moisture-wicking, stretch, and shape retention. Nylon-spandex blends offer a softer hand feel with excellent durability.
What is the standard fabric width? ▼
The industry standard width is 57/58 inches (145/150 cm). Some specialty fabrics come in 44/45" or 60" widths. Width affects cutting yield and cost efficiency.